About electrification and Refractory Materials
How to stimulate EV substitution in EUrope by bombing Russian diesel Refineries.
The discussion examines whether interest rate hikes can still tame inflation when the U.S. runs a persistent 2.6% primary deficit. Higher rates suppress demand but also increase government interest payments, creating a liquidity injection to bondholders. The analysis compares today's globally held debt market with the post-WWII era, explores how Treasury issuance shifts toward T-Bills amplify liquidity, and argues that Japan's Treasury sales and Fed backstops may further dilute monetary tighteni
A review of Latin America’s debt crises shows that hyperinflation and currency collapse followed a specific sequence: external debt shocks, the nationalization of private liabilities, soaring domestic borrowing costs, and monetary financing. Argentina and Brazil socialized private losses, creating destructive inflationary spirals. Japan, by contrast, is the world’s largest net creditor, funds itself domestically, retains long-term market access, and is shrinking the BoJ balance sheet—making comp
The Genoa system of 1922 transformed trade deficits by allowing USD and GBP to be held as reserves and recycled into debtor-country debt, delaying the credit tightening that gold outflows once imposed. Jacques Rueff called this a “deficit without tears.” Today, Japan’s reserve drawdowns and China’s preference for gold over U.S. Treasuries are reversing that process, transmitting trade imbalances back into the U.S. credit structure through higher rates, duration pressure, and a weaker dollar.
Gold's value under a classical gold standard can be viewed as a "Max of Maxes": in each country it reflects the higher of its monetary value or its commodity/jewelry value, while globally it gravitates toward the highest-valued use anywhere in the world. Gold flows toward regions where it commands the most goods and services, linking specie movements to productivity and trade. Unlike Bitcoin, gold retains a non-monetary valuation floor and a unique role in international settlement.
Japan’s Treasury sales are not simply FX interventions. By selling long-duration U.S. Treasuries, the MoF shifts duration risk into a fragile market increasingly dependent on leveraged hedge funds and, ultimately, Federal Reserve support. At the same time, the resulting dollar liquidity strengthens Japanese banks by lowering their reliance on costly FX swaps, improving profitability and funding flexibility. The author argues this process weakens the structural bearish case for the yen, while for